Jazz

azz

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For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation).

Jazz
Stylistic origins:	Blues Folk March Ragtime
Cultural origins:	Early 1910s New Orleans
Typical instruments:	Saxophone Clarinet Bass guitar Double bass Flute Vibraphone Trumpet Piano Electric guitar Banjo Tuba Vocals Trombone Rhodes piano Drum kit
Mainstream popularity:	1920s–1970s
Derivatives:	Jump blues Jazz fusion (a mix of jazz and rock) Rhythm and blues Rock and roll Ska Reggae Funk
Subgenres
Avant-garde jazz Bebop Big band Chamber jazz Continental jazz Cool jazz Free jazz Gypsy jazz Hard Bop Latin jazz Mainstream jazz M-Base Neo-bop Orchestral jazz Organ trio Post-bop Soul jazz Stride Swing Third stream Traditional jazz Vocal jazz
Fusion genres
Acid jazz Afrobeat Bluegrass Bossa nova Crossover jazz Dansband Folk jazz Free funk Humppa Indo jazz Jam band Jazzcore Jazz funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Kwela Mambo Manila Sound Nu jazz Nu soul Punk jazz Shibuya-kei Ska jazz Smooth jazz Swing revival World fusion
Regional scenes
Australia Azerbaijan Brazil Cuba France Germany India Italy Japan Malawi Netherlands Poland South Africa Spain United Kingdom
Local scenes
Cape Town Kansas City New Orleans West Coast
Jazz musicians
Bassists Jazz bassist Clarinetists Drummers Guitarists Organists Pianists Jazz pianist Saxophonists Trombonists Trumpeters Violinists
Other topics
Jazz standard Jazz royalty Jazz (word) Swing (jazz performance style) Jazz clubs Jazz drumming
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Jazz is a music genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th Century, arguably earlier, within the African-American communities of the Southern United States. Its roots lie in the combining by African-Americans of certain European harmony and form elements, with their existing African-based music. Its African musical basis is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation and the swung note.^[1] From its early development until the present day, jazz has also incorporated elements from popular music especially, in its early days, from American popular music.^[2]

As the music has developed and spread around the world it has, since its early American beginnings, drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures, giving rise to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing, Kansas City jazz andGypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s on down through Afro-Cuban jazz, West Coast jazz, ska jazz, cool jazz, Indo jazz,avant-garde jazz, soul jazz, modal jazz, chamber jazz, free jazz, Latin jazz in various forms, smooth jazz, jazz fusion and jazz rock, jazz funk, loft jazz, punk jazz, acid jazz, ethno jazz, jazz rap, cyber jazz, M-Base, nu jazz and other ways of playing the music.

Talking of swing, Louis Armstrong, one of the most famous musicians in jazz, said to Bing Crosby on the latter's radio show, "Ah, swing, well, we used to call it syncopation, then they called it ragtime, then blues, then jazz. Now, it's swing. White folks - yo'all sho is a mess!"^[3][4]

In a 1988 interview, trombonist J. J. Johnson said, "Jazz is restless. It won't stay put and it never will".^[5]

Contents

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• 1 Definitions
  • 1.1 Importance of improvisation
  • 1.2 Debates
• 2 Etymology
• 3 Race
• 4 History
  • 4.1 Origins
    • 4.1.1 Blending African and European music sensibilities
      • 4.1.1.1 Slave gatherings
      • 4.1.1.2 The Black church
      • 4.1.1.3 Minstrel and salon music
      • 4.1.1.4 African rhythmic retention
    • 4.1.2 "Spanish tinge"—the Afro-Cuban rhythmic influence
  • 4.2 1890s–1910s
    • 4.2.1 Ragtime
    • 4.2.2 Blues
      • 4.2.2.1 African genesis
      • 4.2.2.2 W.C. Handy: early published blues
      • 4.2.2.3 Within the context of Western harmony
    • 4.2.3 New Orleans
      • 4.2.3.1 Syncopation
      • 4.2.3.2 Swing
    • 4.2.4 Other regions
  • 4.3 1920s and 1930s
    • 4.3.1 The Jazz Age
    • 4.3.2 Swing
    • 4.3.3 Beginnings of European jazz
  • 4.4 1940s and 1950s
    • 4.4.1 "American music"—the influence of Ellington
    • 4.4.2 Bebop
      • 4.4.2.1 Rhythm
      • 4.4.2.2 Harmony
    • 4.4.3 Afro-Cuban jazz (cu-bop)
      • 4.4.3.1 Machito and Mario Bauza
      • 4.4.3.2 Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo
      • 4.4.3.3 African cross-rhythm
    • 4.4.4 Dixieland revival
    • 4.4.5 Cool jazz
    • 4.4.6 Hard bop
    • 4.4.7 Modal jazz
    • 4.4.8 Free jazz
  • 4.5 1960s and 1970s
    • 4.5.1 Latin jazz
      • 4.5.1.1 Afro-Cuban jazz
        • 4.5.1.1.1 Guajeos
        • 4.5.1.1.2 Afro-Cuban jazz renaissance
      • 4.5.1.2 Afro-Brazilian jazz
    • 4.5.2 Post-bop
    • 4.5.3 Soul jazz
    • 4.5.4 African inspired
      • 4.5.4.1 Themes
      • 4.5.4.2 Rhythm
      • 4.5.4.3 Pentatonic scales
    • 4.5.5 Jazz fusion
      • 4.5.5.1 Miles Davis' new directions
      • 4.5.5.2 Psychedelic-jazz
        • 4.5.5.2.1 Bitches Brew
        • 4.5.5.2.2 Herbie Hancock
        • 4.5.5.2.3 Weather Report
      • 4.5.5.3 Jazz-rock
    • 4.5.6 Jazz-funk
    • 4.5.7 Other trends
  • 4.6 1980s
    • 4.6.1 Resurgence of Traditionalism
    • 4.6.2 Smooth jazz
    • 4.6.3 Acid jazz, nu jazz and jazz rap
    • 4.6.4 Punk jazz and jazzcore
    • 4.6.5 M-Base
  • 4.7 1990s–2010s
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 References
• 8 Further reading
• 9 External links